Field Hockey pitch Green Kalahari

Why a Synthetic Hockey pitch?

The artificial surfaces of a synthetic hockey pitch give the players a lot more handle of the ball. Coupled with improved ball speed, hockey has turn out to be a more quickly and a lot more thrilling game.

Much more details on Field Hockey pitch and building there of.

A hockey pitch is the playing surface for the game of field hockey. Historically, the game was played on organic turf (grass) but these days it is predominantly played on an artificial turf. The transition onto artificial pitches came for the duration of the 1970s and was created mandatory for big competitions in 1976. All the lines, markings and target specifications are outlined by the International Hockey Federation in “The Guidelines of Hockey”.

All line markings on the pitch type element of the location which they define. For instance, a ball on the side line is nevertheless in the field of play a ball on the line of the penalty circle is in the penalty circle a foul committed more than the 23-metre (25-yard) line has occurred in the 23-metre location. A ball ought to totally cross a boundary line to be out of play, and a ball ought to wholly cross the target line prior to a target is scored.

Due to the original formulation of the guidelines in England, the common dimensions of a hockey pitch have been initially expressed in imperial units. The guidelines are now expressed explicitly in metric dimensions (considering that 1998), even though the use of the imperial terms remains frequent in some nations

Field of play on a hockey pitch

Colored pitches are applied to distinguish the field of play (green or blue) from the run-off (red/blue/yellow/orange/and so forth).

The hockey pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer perimeter edges are known as the side line, the opposing shorter edges are referred as the back line and the portion of this involving the target posts is identified as the target line. The side line ought to measure 91.40 m and the back line ought to measure 55.00 m. There ought to be a minimum run-off of two m at the sidelines and three m at the backlines which may possibly be a various surface for the final meter. All line markings ought to be white and 75 millimeters wide. In every single corner of the pitch, a corner flag of no a lot more than 300 mm square is attached to a post of height 1.20–1.50 m.

Historically, the pitch dimensions have been imperial and have been replaced by metric equivalents in 1998. The initial recorded guidelines represented what London clubs have been utilizing at the time. Surbiton Hockey Club’s minutes from 1876 stated that pitches have been to be “100–150 yards (91–137 m) lengthy and 50–80 yards (46–73 m) wide”. Guidelines by the Hockey Association of England in 1886 specified “one hundred yards lengthy by 55 to 60 yards (50 to 55 m) wide”.34 In 1905, the International Guidelines Board permitted the width of the pitch to be “up to 66 yards (60 m)” but this selection was reversed in 1909.five In 1975, the existing width of 60 yards was written into the guidelines.34

On artificial surfaces, the field of play ought to be coloured green, ultramarine blue or signal blue. It is permitted for the run-off portion of the pitch to be an option colour. The London 2012 Olympics began a new trend for blue hockey pitches, for the reason that blue turf aids tv viewers to clearly see the ball and markings on the hockey pitch for the duration of gameplay. Not all hockey pitches have to be blue, but a yellow ball on blue turf is now the common for skilled field hockey tournaments.

Purpose

A hockey target at the 1960 Summer time Olympics. The target is deeper at ground level with side and backboards about the base.

Ambitions consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the center of the backline, joined at the leading by a horizontal crossbar. The inner edges of the posts ought to be three.66 metres apart, and the decrease edge of the crossbar ought to be two.14 metres (7 ft) above the ground. The goalposts and crossbar ought to be white and rectangular in shape with width 50 millimetres and a depth of 50 to 75 millimeters (.

The target ought to be at least 1.20 m deep at ground level and at least .90 m deep at crossbar level. The target location ought to be delimited at ground level by a target backboard and two sideboards of height 460 millimetres (18 in). Affixed to these boards, the posts and crossbar is a net to cease the ball.eight

Hockey nets can come in various dimensions based on how deep at ground level and at crossbar level the target is. Common dimensions for a common field hockey net are about three.7m (W) x two.1m (H) x 1.2m (D).7

The initial hockey ambitions have been “7 feet (two.1 m) tall posts placed six yards (five.five m) apart” but have been decreased to four yards (three.7 m) apart in the 1886 guidelines. In 1987, a rule was introduced so that at penalty corners “the initial hit at target ought to not cross the target-line larger than 18 inches (460 mm)”. This saw the introduction of a sideboard and backboard to the ambitions which are now mandatory.34

Circle

A view of the penalty circle (strong line), the broken circle five m from it, and the penalty spot.

A target is scored when the ball passes totally more than the target line but only if the ball was played by an offensive player in the penalty circle. In addition, the circle marks the location a goalkeeper may possibly play the ball with any element of his physique and the location exactly where an infringement by a defender final results in a penalty corner. The terminology circle (or D) is extensively applied even though the location is essentially formed by a three.66-metre (four yd) straight line, parallel to the target line, connected to two 14.63-metre (16 yd) quadrant arcs.910

The 1876 guidelines stated that “no ambitions shall be permitted if the ball be hit from a distance of a lot more than 15 yards (14 m) from the nearest goalpost”. A visible “striking circle” with “radius of 15 yards” was codified in 1886.34 The radius of the circle was improved to 16 yards (15 m) in 1951 for men’s hockey and 1968 for women’s hockey.five Any totally free-hit inside five m of the circle has slightly various guidelines from other folks regarding other players’ distance a broken circle five m from the penalty circle denotes this place.ten

A penalty spot is centrally positioned straight in front of the target and applied for a penalty stroke. The spot is 150 mm in diameter and its centre is six.475 m from the outdoors of the target line.ten Penalty strokes have been introduced in 1963 for deliberately stopping a particular goal3 they have been initially taken eight yards (7.three m) from target. In 1973, a stroke could also be awarded for a deliberate foul in the circle and the spot was moved to 7 yards (six.four m) from target the following year.five

Other markings

Simon Gougnard prepares to take a penalty corner from the ten m mark. The five m line above demarcates the closest position a defender may possibly stand.

A half-way line, parallel to the back line, divides the pitch in two. The start off of every single period of play and resumption of play following a target begins with all players in the half they are defending. The line was also applied for the obselete offside rule.three

Every half of the pitch is then divided once more by a line, referred to as the 23 metre line or 25 yard line, positioned 22.90 m11 from every single back line. Historically, this was initial applied to resume play following the ball passed more than the back line and marked by flags at the side of the pitch. In 1949, deliberate defensive offenses in this location resulted in a penalty corner. From 1961, players on the defensive group who have been not involved at the penalty corner stood behind this line (this was then moved to the half-way line two years later). The line was also applied for the offside rule involving 1987 till the rule was abolished in 1996.three Presently, there are detailed guidelines relating to fouls and totally free-hits in the 23 metre area of the pitch.12 Considering that 2015, the 23 metre line has also been applied for the attacking group to resume play when it has gone more than the back line (this replaced lengthy corners).13

There are further markings 300 mm lengthy and perpendicular to the back line that denote distances of ten m and five m from every single target post. These are relevant at a penalty corner the former is the mark from which the attacking group requires the penalty corner and the latter is the closest position which a defender may possibly stand. These marks had been five and ten yards (four.six and 9.1 m) in earlier versions of the guidelines.three There is a comparable mark five m from along the side line (from exactly where lengthy corners have been formerly taken) and a mark 14.six m along the side line indicating the level of the leading of the penalty circle. There are also 150 mm lengthy markings exactly where the target posts are situated.14

Artificial playing surface

“artificial grass permits a lot easier ball handle and this in itself aids to decrease the quantity of infringements of the rules—which signifies much less whistle and fewer stoppages. The game hence becomes a lot easier to comply with, as properly as becoming a more quickly spectacle and considerably a lot more exciting from a spectator point of view.”

Historically, the game was created on organic grass turf. Having said that, in 1976, the International Hockey Federation (FIH) created artificial pitches mandatory at all big competitions.17 The 1976 Summer time Olympics in Montreal was the initial of these nevertheless at this time couple of players had observed or played on synthetic pitches.18 Even though it is nevertheless permissible to play on organic turf all national competitions and international matches ought to be played on an artificial surface.19 Elite-level competitions, such as the Olympic Games and Globe Cup, call for a water-primarily based playing surface. Having said that, due to water conservation efforts, this is not observed as a lengthy-term sustainable alternative and option elite surfaces that do not call for water are becoming researched.20

There are 3 primary varieties of artificial hockey pitch surface:

   • Unfilled or water-primarily based – artificial fibers that are densely packed for stabilization, calls for irrigation or watering to keep away from pitch put on

    • Dressed or sand-dressed – artificial fibers can be much less densely packed and sand supports the fibers for element of the pile depth

    • Filled or sand-filled – artificial fibers can be longer and much less densely packed and sand supports the fibers for one hundred% of the pile depth

On water-primarily based pitches, shorter fibers and wetted turf decrease friction and boost the speed at which the game can be played. Having said that, these pitches call for watering prior to, for the duration of and following the game and upkeep expenses are important.

Sand-dressed pitches expense a lot more than sand-filled pitches but are preferable for hockey as there is an absence of sand close to the playing surface. Having said that, a multi-goal surface appropriate for sports such as association football and tennis is usually expected and hockey may possibly not be the predominant sport. There are several various specifications and categorizations for artificial turf such as shock absorption, surface rebound, friction, and strength outlined by the International Hockey Federation.26 Lately, longer-pile third-generation or 3G pitches have turn out to be well-known, in particular for football, but these do not ordinarily meet the FIH’s test criteria they are usually also inconsistent and slow.27

Criticism

The Globe Hockey magazine reported on the initial hockey tournament played on an artificial pitch in 1975—a trial occasion in Montreal prior to the Olympics—and stated the surface had “massive advantages”.1516 Steve Ruskin, of Sports Illustrated, stated that “A slow, analytical game gave way to one particular of nonstop, correct-hop action.”28 Having said that, it has been stated that the selection to make artificial surfaces mandatory significantly favored a lot more affluent Western nations who could afford these new pitches.29 Prior to the switch to an artificial surface the Indian men’s hockey group have been dominant, winning seven of the eight Olympic gold medals involving 1928 and 1964.28 In 1996, Indian hockey player Ajit Pal Singh stated that in spite of its size ” can afford only 12 or so Artificial Turf fields”.Sardara Singh, captain of the Indian men’s hockey group, stated that “hockey players in India play on astroturf [sic] for the initial time at the age of 19 or 20 and obtain it tough to adapt.”29 Having said that, the Pakistan hockey group have performed properly following the adjust of surface in spite of the nation becoming worse off economically and obtaining fewer artificial pitches.16 When describing the adjust of surface, Ruskin stated that “for India it was like beginning more than, with all nations even in field hockey