Field Hockey pitch Gatyane

Why a Synthetic Hockey pitch?

The artificial surfaces of a synthetic hockey pitch give the players additional handle of the ball. Coupled with enhanced ball speed, hockey has grow to be a more rapidly and additional fascinating game.

Additional details on Field Hockey pitch and building there of.

A hockey pitch is the playing surface for the game of field hockey. Historically, the game was played on all-natural turf (grass) but these days it is predominantly played on an artificial turf. The transition onto artificial pitches came for the duration of the 1970s and was created mandatory for big competitions in 1976. All the lines, markings and objective specifications are outlined by the International Hockey Federation in “The Guidelines of Hockey”.

All line markings on the pitch kind aspect of the region which they define. For instance, a ball on the side line is nonetheless in the field of play a ball on the line of the penalty circle is in the penalty circle a foul committed more than the 23-metre (25-yard) line has occurred in the 23-metre region. A ball have to absolutely cross a boundary line to be out of play, and a ball have to wholly cross the objective line just before a objective is scored.

Due to the original formulation of the guidelines in England, the regular dimensions of a hockey pitch have been initially expressed in imperial units. The guidelines are now expressed explicitly in metric dimensions (due to the fact 1998), though the use of the imperial terms remains prevalent in some nations

Field of play on a hockey pitch

Colored pitches are utilized to distinguish the field of play (green or blue) from the run-off (red/blue/yellow/orange/and so forth).

The hockey pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer perimeter edges are known as the side line, the opposing shorter edges are referred as the back line and the portion of this involving the objective posts is recognized as the objective line. The side line have to measure 91.40 m and the back line need to measure 55.00 m. There have to be a minimum run-off of two m at the sidelines and three m at the backlines which may well be a distinctive surface for the final meter. All line markings have to be white and 75 millimeters wide. In every single corner of the pitch, a corner flag of no additional than 300 mm square is attached to a post of height 1.20–1.50 m.

Historically, the pitch dimensions have been imperial and have been replaced by metric equivalents in 1998. The 1st recorded guidelines represented what London clubs have been employing at the time. Surbiton Hockey Club’s minutes from 1876 stated that pitches have been to be “100–150 yards (91–137 m) extended and 50–80 yards (46–73 m) wide”. Guidelines by the Hockey Association of England in 1886 specified “one hundred yards extended by 55 to 60 yards (50 to 55 m) wide”.34 In 1905, the International Guidelines Board permitted the width of the pitch to be “up to 66 yards (60 m)” but this selection was reversed in 1909.five In 1975, the existing width of 60 yards was written into the guidelines.34

On artificial surfaces, the field of play need to be coloured green, ultramarine blue or signal blue. It is permitted for the run-off portion of the pitch to be an option colour. The London 2012 Olympics began a new trend for blue hockey pitches, simply because blue turf aids tv viewers to clearly see the ball and markings on the hockey pitch for the duration of gameplay. Not all hockey pitches have to be blue, but a yellow ball on blue turf is now the regular for specialist field hockey tournaments.

Aim

A hockey objective at the 1960 Summer season Olympics. The objective is deeper at ground level with side and backboards about the base.

Ambitions consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the center of the backline, joined at the best by a horizontal crossbar. The inner edges of the posts have to be three.66 metres apart, and the decrease edge of the crossbar have to be two.14 metres (7 ft) above the ground. The goalposts and crossbar have to be white and rectangular in shape with width 50 millimetres and a depth of 50 to 75 millimeters (.

The objective have to be at least 1.20 m deep at ground level and at least .90 m deep at crossbar level. The objective region have to be delimited at ground level by a objective backboard and two sideboards of height 460 millimetres (18 in). Affixed to these boards, the posts and crossbar is a net to cease the ball.eight

Hockey nets can come in distinctive dimensions based on how deep at ground level and at crossbar level the objective is. Common dimensions for a regular field hockey net are about three.7m (W) x two.1m (H) x 1.2m (D).7

The 1st hockey ambitions have been “7 feet (two.1 m) tall posts placed six yards (five.five m) apart” but have been decreased to four yards (three.7 m) apart in the 1886 guidelines. In 1987, a rule was introduced so that at penalty corners “the 1st hit at objective need to not cross the objective-line greater than 18 inches (460 mm)”. This saw the introduction of a sideboard and backboard to the ambitions which are now mandatory.34

Circle

A view of the penalty circle (strong line), the broken circle five m from it, and the penalty spot.

A objective is scored when the ball passes absolutely more than the objective line but only if the ball was played by an offensive player in the penalty circle. Moreover, the circle marks the region a goalkeeper may well play the ball with any aspect of his physique and the region exactly where an infringement by a defender benefits in a penalty corner. The terminology circle (or D) is extensively utilized though the region is basically formed by a three.66-metre (four yd) straight line, parallel to the objective line, connected to two 14.63-metre (16 yd) quadrant arcs.910

The 1876 guidelines stated that “no ambitions shall be permitted if the ball be hit from a distance of additional than 15 yards (14 m) from the nearest goalpost”. A visible “striking circle” with “radius of 15 yards” was codified in 1886.34 The radius of the circle was enhanced to 16 yards (15 m) in 1951 for men’s hockey and 1968 for women’s hockey.five Any cost-free-hit inside five m of the circle has slightly distinctive guidelines from other individuals regarding other players’ distance a broken circle five m from the penalty circle denotes this place.ten

A penalty spot is centrally positioned straight in front of the objective and utilized for a penalty stroke. The spot is 150 mm in diameter and its centre is six.475 m from the outdoors of the objective line.ten Penalty strokes have been introduced in 1963 for deliberately stopping a particular goal3 they have been initially taken eight yards (7.three m) from objective. In 1973, a stroke could also be awarded for a deliberate foul in the circle and the spot was moved to 7 yards (six.four m) from objective the following year.five

Other markings

Simon Gougnard prepares to take a penalty corner from the ten m mark. The five m line above demarcates the closest position a defender may well stand.

A half-way line, parallel to the back line, divides the pitch in two. The commence of every single period of play and resumption of play following a objective begins with all players in the half they are defending. The line was also utilized for the obselete offside rule.three

Every single half of the pitch is then divided once again by a line, referred to as the 23 metre line or 25 yard line, positioned 22.90 m11 from every single back line. Historically, this was 1st utilized to resume play soon after the ball passed more than the back line and marked by flags at the side of the pitch. In 1949, deliberate defensive offenses in this region resulted in a penalty corner. From 1961, players on the defensive group who have been not involved at the penalty corner stood behind this line (this was then moved to the half-way line two years later). The line was also utilized for the offside rule involving 1987 till the rule was abolished in 1996.three Today, there are detailed guidelines relating to fouls and cost-free-hits in the 23 metre area of the pitch.12 Considering that 2015, the 23 metre line has also been utilized for the attacking group to resume play when it has gone more than the back line (this replaced extended corners).13

There are extra markings 300 mm extended and perpendicular to the back line that denote distances of ten m and five m from every single objective post. These are relevant at a penalty corner the former is the mark from which the attacking group requires the penalty corner and the latter is the closest position which a defender may well stand. These marks had been five and ten yards (four.six and 9.1 m) in earlier versions of the guidelines.three There is a comparable mark five m from along the side line (from exactly where extended corners have been formerly taken) and a mark 14.six m along the side line indicating the level of the best of the penalty circle. There are also 150 mm extended markings exactly where the objective posts are situated.14

Artificial playing surface

“artificial grass permits a lot easier ball handle and this in itself aids to lessen the quantity of infringements of the rules—which indicates significantly less whistle and fewer stoppages. The game therefore becomes a lot easier to comply with, as effectively as becoming a more rapidly spectacle and considerably additional intriguing from a spectator point of view.”

Historically, the game was created on all-natural grass turf. Nevertheless, in 1976, the International Hockey Federation (FIH) created artificial pitches mandatory at all big competitions.17 The 1976 Summer season Olympics in Montreal was the 1st of these having said that at this time couple of players had noticed or played on synthetic pitches.18 Despite the fact that it is nonetheless permissible to play on all-natural turf all national competitions and international matches have to be played on an artificial surface.19 Elite-level competitions, such as the Olympic Games and Globe Cup, call for a water-primarily based playing surface. Nevertheless, due to water conservation efforts, this is not noticed as a extended-term sustainable solution and option elite surfaces that do not call for water are becoming researched.20

There are 3 key sorts of artificial hockey pitch surface:

   • Unfilled or water-primarily based – artificial fibers that are densely packed for stabilization, needs irrigation or watering to stay away from pitch put on

    • Dressed or sand-dressed – artificial fibers can be significantly less densely packed and sand supports the fibers for aspect of the pile depth

    • Filled or sand-filled – artificial fibers can be longer and significantly less densely packed and sand supports the fibers for one hundred% of the pile depth

On water-primarily based pitches, shorter fibers and wetted turf lessen friction and enhance the speed at which the game can be played. Nevertheless, these pitches call for watering just before, for the duration of and soon after the game and upkeep fees are important.

Sand-dressed pitches price additional than sand-filled pitches but are preferable for hockey as there is an absence of sand close to the playing surface. Nevertheless, a multi-goal surface appropriate for sports like association football and tennis is typically necessary and hockey may well not be the predominant sport. There are quite a few distinctive specifications and categorizations for artificial turf like shock absorption, surface rebound, friction, and strength outlined by the International Hockey Federation.26 Lately, longer-pile third-generation or 3G pitches have grow to be preferred, specially for football, but these do not commonly meet the FIH’s test criteria they are typically as well inconsistent and slow.27

Criticism

The Globe Hockey magazine reported on the 1st hockey tournament played on an artificial pitch in 1975—a trial occasion in Montreal prior to the Olympics—and stated the surface had “huge rewards”.1516 Steve Ruskin, of Sports Illustrated, stated that “A slow, analytical game gave way to a single of nonstop, accurate-hop action.”28 Nevertheless, it has been stated that the selection to make artificial surfaces mandatory drastically favored additional affluent Western nations who could afford these new pitches.29 Ahead of the switch to an artificial surface the Indian men’s hockey group have been dominant, winning seven of the eight Olympic gold medals involving 1928 and 1964.28 In 1996, Indian hockey player Ajit Pal Singh stated that in spite of its size ” can afford only 12 or so Artificial Turf fields”.Sardara Singh, captain of the Indian men’s hockey group, stated that “hockey players in India play on astroturf [sic] for the 1st time at the age of 19 or 20 and obtain it difficult to adapt.”29 Nevertheless, the Pakistan hockey group have performed effectively following the modify of surface in spite of the nation becoming worse off economically and obtaining fewer artificial pitches.16 When describing the modify of surface, Ruskin stated that “for India it was like beginning more than, with all nations even in field hockey